Augustus

Augustus, born Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 BCE, stands as one of history’s most significant figures, marking the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. He was the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, whose assassination in 44 BCE thrust Octavius into a turbulent political landscape. Forming the Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus, he sought to restore order, ultimately defeating his rivals, including Antony and Cleopatra, at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE.

In 27 BCE, Octavius was granted the title "Augustus," signifying his elevated status and marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. Augustus implemented a series of reforms that stabilized and revitalized Rome after years of civil war. His policies focused on consolidating power while maintaining the illusion of republican governance, cleverly presenting himself as the princeps, or first citizen, rather than a monarch. This careful balancing act allowed him to maintain popular support while effectively ruling with autocratic power.

Under Augustus, the Roman Empire saw remarkable advancements. He initiated extensive building projects, including the construction of temples, forums, and roads, which improved infrastructure and enhanced trade. His reign also heralded the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability across the empire that lasted for over two centuries. Additionally, Augustus reformed the tax system, improved the military, and established a permanent civil service, laying the foundation for efficient governance.

Augustus's legacy extends beyond his political achievements; he also profoundly influenced Roman culture. He patronized the arts, leading to a flourishing of literature, with poets like Virgil and Horace emerging during his reign. Augustus died in 14 CE, leaving behind a transformed Rome, his legacy enduring as the architect of the Roman Empire and a model for future leaders. His reign marked a significant turning point in Western history, embodying the complexities of power, governance, and cultural flourishing.

Coins of Augustus are readily available but fine portraits are uncommon. Portrait coins of the preceding Imperatorial period are generally unattractive, ranging from the somewhat disfigured renderings of Julius Caesar to the comically poor artistry on the famous Anthony and Cleopatra types. Although art and literature flourished under Augustus it appears that coinage was not considered a fine art. Most portraits of Augustus on denarii are barely better than those of his predecessors, with the notable exception of coinage from the Spanish mints, such as the present example, which offer some fine portraits. In exchange for the fine-style and well-centered obverse, the reverse on this denarius is slightly off-center. But the reverse is quite historically important: it shows the clipeus virtutis, or shield of virtue, which was given to Augustus by the Roman Senate and people in 27 BC for his courage, clemency, justice and piety.